How to Sand Wood for a Smooth Finish

In this instructable, I show you how to sand wood for a smooth finish no matter the wood's condition. Learn a swirl-free sanding technique that consistently produces professional results.

Even if you don't need to sand wood, the techniques covered in this project can be directly translated toward refinishing wood furniture or even wood stairs.

This wood sanding technique consistently produces a smooth wood surface on live edge wood slabs & rough cut lumber with no swirl marks or pigtails.

There are several things that will be difficult to explain with words and images, so be sure to check out the video.

The tools I use for sanding wood are listed below. Keep in mind, you can use cheaper alternatives and achieve the same result. Just make sure the sander you use has dust extraction.

Rotex Sander

HEPA Vacuum

40 grit Sandpaper

60 grit Sandpaper

80 grit Sandpaper

120 grit Sandpaper

150 grit Sandpaper

180 grit Sandpaper

220 grit Sandpaper

320 grit Sandpaper

First, I place my rotex 125 in rotary mode on the highest speed setting with the black sanding pad that came with the sander.

My sander has rotary and random orbit mode. Rotary mode is a more aggressive setting for the quick removal of stock. Random orbit mode is a less aggressive sanding mode. More to come on random orbit mode...

While the sander does the majority of the heavy lifting, there is a grit sequence combined with a sanding mode and a proper technique.

Sanding grits play a vital role in the sanding process. 150 grit sandpaper is the only grit you can skip, but all the others are mandatory.

The sanding mode along with my grit sequence are as follows. I explain this more in later steps.

1. In Rotary Mode
2. 40 grit
3. 60 grit
4. 80 grit
5. 100 grit
6. 120 grit
7. In Random Orbit Mode
8. 120 grit
9. 150 grit
10. 180 grit
11. 220 grit
12. 320 grit

Also, I use the highest speed setting throughout the entire process for hardwoods. The only time I reduce the speed is for polishing or when sanding soft woods.

Start sander in rotary mode with 40-grit sandpaper to remove debris and expose the wood grain.

Work in 2’x2’ sections for control and to spot mistakes early.

Use this sanding technique for each sandpaper grit.

First, sand across the grain overlapping each pass by 1/3 (about 33%). This removes rough spots.

Next, sand with the grain overlapping by 1/3. This smooths the surface.

Then, sand in 8” circular patterns to blend the previous passes and eliminate scratches.

Move to the next grit (60, 80, 100, 120) and repeat the three-motion technique for each.

Don’t skip grits, as this causes scratches that higher grits can’t remove.

Switch the sander to random orbit mode and sand with 120 grit again using the same technique.. Then, 150, 180, 220, and 320 grit.

After 320-grit, wipe the wood with a damp rag to raise the grain.

Let it dry, then lightly sand again with 320-grit for an ultra-smooth finish.

Prevent these sanding mistakes by using these tips:

1. Inspect After Each Grit: Check for swirl marks or pigtails. If you spot any, re-sand with the same grit before moving to the next (see our mistake-fixing guide).
2. Use Light Pressure: Let the sander do the work. Pressing too hard traps debris, causing swirls.
3. Keep It Clean: Use a dust extractor or frequently brush away dust to maintain a clear surface.

These tips minimize errors, save time, and help you produce professional results consistently.

Learning how to sand wood like a pro is about technique and patience.

By working in small sections, using the three-motion method, and progressing through grits, you’ll achieve a smooth, swirl-free finish that rivals the pros.

I hope this wood sanding instructable provided you with value. Please feel free to leave a comment if you have any questions - I'm happy to help.

Be sure to checkout my YouTube channel and my website for more DIY tutorials.